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By definition a refractive error is an abnormality of the eye where the light rays do not converge on the Retina. Due to this a person has blurred image of objects and hence a subnormal eyesight.There are three main types of Refractive ErrorsHypermetropiaMyopiaAstigmatismHypermetropiaIn Hypermetropia the image forms behind the retina. Hence if the object is beyond a particular distance, it is visible little more clearly, than if the object is near the eye. A person who crosses the age of 40yrs needs glasses, particularly for reading and near work. This is called Presb.Another variety of hypermetropia is called Presbyopia. A person who crosses the age of 40yrs needs glasses, particularly for reading and near work. This is called Presbyopic error. This is because after this age the muscles controlling the ability to focus for near start becoming weak.Children who have this kind of error need to diagnosed very early, otherwise they can loose there eyesight and this can have an effect on there school performance.Three options are available to treat hypermetropiaGlassesContact lensesRefractive surgeryRefractive surgery is done in various ways. Lasik involves surgery on the Cornea. Similarly Conductive Keratoplasty is a new technique to treat Presbyopic type of refractive error. It is still not very popular, but will be in vogue in future. Prelex is a combination surgery involving surgery on the cornea and implantation of special type of lenses inside the eye.MyopiaIn Myopia the light rays fall in front of the retina. Hence a person with this defect will have better near vision than for distance. Generally the cause of this error is an abnormally long eyeball, but this error could also be due to abnormal shape of cornea. Heredity is one of the strong factors for myopia.A person who develops myopia late in life is due to cataracts and this is temporary. A person who has myopia of high degree, has a chance of developing break in the retina, which can lead to loss of eyesight. Hence such persons are advised to undergo a very simple screening test of the retina, and if any such defects are noticed the they need to be treated at the earliest(by laser).Three options are available to treat myopiaGlassesContact lensesRefractive surgeryTwo types of Refractive surgeries are done for treating Myopia. Lasik is the commonest refractive surgery done anywhere in the world. A corneal flap of a particular thickness is taken(slice of cornea). This flap remains attached to the cornea at one end. Laser is then done on the exposed bed of the cornea and the flap is repositioned back. Phakic lens implantation is one more option for person with very high myopia (more than – 10). A specially designed lens is implanted inside the eye, without removing the original lens.AstigmatismIn Astigmatism, some part of light rays fall on the retina, while some part do not. Hence the image seen by persons with this kind of error is abnormal in shape or elongated. Astigmatism can of the Hypermetropic or Myopic type or sometimes it could be a combination of both.Three options are available to treat AstigmatismGlasses(Cylindrical lenses)Contact lenses(Toric)Refractive surgeryContact LensesContact lenses are worn on the cornea as an alternative to glasses. The main advantage of contact lenses is that it eliminates any artificially induced restriction in vision due to spectacle. Contact lenses ,therefore give near natural vision to a person having refractive errors. It also adds to the personality of a person.Contact lenses are of two typesHard/SemisoftSoftThe Hard/Semisoft type of contact lenses are the older variety of lenses. The only advantage of this type of lens is, that they are durable and long lasting. However they are uncomfortable to wear and often not easily tolerated.Soft Contact lenses are the most preferred type of lenses. They are more comfortable to wear and more suitable to eyes.There are 4 types of soft lensesSoft lenses for spherical type of numbers:- Here lenses are of the yearly duration, quarterly duration or monthly useToric soft lenses:- These are lenses used by persons having astigmatism(Cylindrical power)Multifocal lenses:- These lenses are used by people who need glasses for reading and distance bothColoured lenses:= Lenses of various colors are available for cosmetic purposeCare to be taken while using soft contact lensesWhile learning to use soft lenses for the first time, always do all movements very slowly. Do not rush into learning to wear or remove lense from the eye. Sometimes it can lead to injury to the eye if proper instructions from the doctor are not followed. Always wash hands and dry them before wearing and removing lenses. Do not wash soft lenses with water. Use the contact lens cleaning solution only to clean the lens. Do not sleep with the lens in the eye. Change the contact lens solution every 2-3 days. Keep the contact lens container clean. Do not use any kind of cosmetics or eye drops when wearing the lens.

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